Published online before print January 26, 2012, doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A2988
AJNR 2012 33: E26
R.R. Batistaa
aCDPI and Multi-Imagem Clinics
Santa Casa da Misericóirdia do Rio de Janeiro and
University Federal of Rio de Janeiro
E.L. Gasparettob
bCDPI and Multi-Imagem Clinics and
University of Rio de Janeiro
Brazil
We read with special interest the article by Saigal et al,1 who described unusual brain MR imaging findings in an immunocompetent patient with cryptococcosis. The authors emphasized that the imaging findings of cryptococcosis affecting the brain in immunocompetent patients can be different from the more commonly described findings in immunocompromised patients.
We present a similar case of a 37-year-old man with a 2-month history of headache and 1 episode of seizures. There was no history of fever or any additional medical illness. Neurologic examination showed bilateral papilledema. CSF study findings were normal, except for marginally elevated protein levels. All the laboratory tests results, including an HIV test, were normal. Brain MR imaging showed an intra-axial right frontoparietal mass lesion hypointense on T1-weighted images and heterogeneously hyperintense on FLAIR/T2-weighted images, with surrounding vasogenic edema and heterogeneous enhancement (Fig 1A, -B). No high perfusion or restricted diffusion was noted, and MR spectroscopy (TE = 30 ms) demonstrated a high choline peak, low N-acetylaspartate (NAA), and a peak of lipids/lactate (Fig 1C). The patient underwent stereotactic biopsy, and histopathology revealed a granulomatous lesion with the typical appearance of cryptococcoma. The patient was treated with amphotericin B, intravenous steroids, and anticonvulsants.
View larger version: In this page In a new window
- Fig 1. Axial FLAIR (A) and sagittal postcontrast T1-weighted MR (B) images demonstrate a heterogeneously enhancing right parietal mass, with surrounding vasogenic edema. MR spectroscopy (TE = 30 ms) (C) shows a decrease in the NAA (at 2.02 ppm) and creatine (Cr) (at 3.0 ppm) peaks and elevation of the choline (Cho) (at 3.2 ppm) and lactate (Lac) and/or lipid peaks (at 1.33 ppm).
Cryptococcosis is an opportunistic fungal infection that affects the central nervous system in patients with HIV and other immunocompromised patients; it is rarely seen in immunocompetent patients.1 Central nervous system infection can be either meningeal or parenchymal. Intraparenchymal cryptococcomas are masslike lesions that can masquerade as a brain tumor,1,2 as seen in our case. Despite the absence of signs of high perfusion, the very high choline/NAA ratio (>3) and the conventional MR imaging findings could allow the diagnostic hypothesis of a brain tumor. Although there are no unequivocal cutoff metabolite signal-intensity ratios that clearly distinguish neoplastic from nonneoplastic conditions, a choline/NAA cutoff ratio of 2:2, as seen in our case, has been described in the literature to differentiate high-grade from low-grade neoplasms and nonneoplastic conditions.3
In conclusion, corroborating the observation of Saigal et al,1 the appearance of a Cryptococcus organism central nervous system infection in an immunocompetent patient may be different from that commonly encountered in the immunocompromised patient, making the preoperative diagnosis of this fungal infection a challenge.
References
- Saigal G, Post MJ, Lolayekar S, et al. Unusual presentation of central nervous system cryptococcal infection in an immunocompetent patient. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005; 26: 2522–26 » Abstract/FREE Full Text
- Tien RD, Chu PK, Hesselink JR, et al. Intracranial cryptococcosis in immunocompromised patients: CT and MR findings in 29 cases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1991; 12: 283–89 » Abstract
- Al-Okaili RN, Krejza J, >Wang S, et al. Advanced MR imaging techniques in the diagnosis of intraaxial brain tumors in adults. Radiographics 2006; 26:173–89 »Abstract/FREE Full Text
Reply
Published online before print January 26, 2012, doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A2998
AJNR 2012 33: E27
G. Saigala and M.J.D. Posta
aUniversity of Miami Miller School of Medicine
Miami, Florida
We read the authors' letter with interest. Although our referenced case1 was slightly different in regard to the pattern of the disease, the pathophysiology relating to the enhancement of the lesion, as highlighted by the authors, was probably the same. We agree that the imaging appearances of Cryptococcus organism infection, particularly relating to enhancement, may be different in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients (except for immunocompromised patients with CNS Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome), knowledge of which is extremely important both for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
References
- Saigal G, Post MJ, Lolayekar S, et al. Unusual presentation of central nervous system cryptococcal infection in an immunocompetent patient. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005; 26: 2522–26 » Abstract/FREE Full Text
No comments:
Post a Comment