Traditionally, Parkinson's disease (PD) has been deemed a motor disorder, but that notion changed definitively in 2012. The clinical spectrum of PD has now expanded to encompass non-motor features, even in the early stages of disease. Thus, hyposmia, rapid-eye-movement behaviour disorder, depression, and constipation are well established symptoms that precede the clinical diagnosis of PD. The present focus of research is shifting towards improved understanding of this earlier, non-motor disease phase, now labelled the presymptomatic or prodromal stage of PD.
Júlio Leonardo B. Pereira
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